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Abstract

The Mare is an important topographical unit while the impact crater is an important annular structure on the surface of the moon. The purpose of this paper is to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of impact craters in the mare area and lay a good foundation for further determination of impact events in the lunar mare area. The LU106016 database is selected to classify the mare chronologically, which is divided into five periods, namely Aitkenian, Nectarian, Late Imbrian, Early Eratothenian and Late Eratothenian. The relationship between the periods of the impact craters and the number of geological units, the number of impact craters and the impact areas are analyzed statistically. According to the results of statistical analysis, Late Imbrian is an era in which impact events occured frequently in the lunar mare area, and the number of geological units, the number of impact craters and the impact areas are much larger than those in the other four periods, from Aitkenian to Late Eratothenian, the impact strength shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At last, combining the Kernel Density Estimation and latitude-longitude distribution, the spatial distribution characteristics of impact craters in each period are analyzed in details. The Aitkenian impact craters are mainly distributed in the Mare Orientale, Mare Humorum, Mare Serenitatis and Mare Marginis areas, with a relatively balanced distribution in latitude and longitude. The Nectarian craters are mainly distributed in the Mare Spumans and Mare Australe area, and is extremely uneven in latitude and longitude distribution, the number of craters in the western hemisphere is significantly larger than that in the eastern hemisphere, and in latitude, the number of craters in the southern hemisphere is significantly larger than that in the northern hemisphere. The number and concentration of late Imbrian craters in the northern hemisphere are higher than those in the southern hemisphere, while the number and concentration in the eastern hemisphere are higher than those in the western hemisphere. The impact craters of the early Eratothenian are evenly distributed in the Mare Imbrium area, with relatively scattered distribution and uneven latitude and longitude distribution, mainly in the western and northern hemispheres. The number of impact craters in Late Eratothenian is very small, but the distribution is very regular, they are mainly distributed in the Mare Imbrium and Mare Anguis area, with 20o longitude and 35o latitude as axisymmetric distribution respectively.

For more:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Analysis-of-Temporal-and-Spatial-Distribution-Characteristics-of-Lunar-Mare-Craters.pdf

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Abstract

Galvanic corrosion of carbon steel (CS) coupled to three different alloys, SS316, SS321 and SS2205, was studied by electrochemical techniques in stagnant condition and 3.5% Sodium chloride solution at room temperature (25oC). The electrochemical work included the measurements of galvanic potential as a function of time and Evans (polarization) diagrams of coupled metals as well as weight loss technique. SEM images were taken to test the metal surface. Results indicated that CS suffered galvanic corrosion when coupled to all the selected alloys with different rates. Mainly it can be described as general corrosion but with SS321 it was clearly pitting corrosion. The best alloy to be used with the CS in stagnant 3.5% Sodium chloride solution at room temperature is SS2205 since the galvanic couple has the lowest corrosion rate(CR), indicating that CS corrodes at a lower rate when it is coupled to SS2205 then SS316 then SS321 in this environment.

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/A-Study-of-Galvanic-Corrosion-in-Sodium-Chloride-Solution.pdf

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http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper A Study of Galvanic Corrosion in Sodium Chloride Solution

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Abstract

After reviewing the respective science history from Newton to Planck, the two novel and recently published detection methods are reported which have been developed and mathematically modeled by the author. Their results are basically questioning the conventional theory, particularly the greenhouse theory, providing a better understanding of atmospheric processes and delivering practical clues for mitigating the climate.The first method concerns the measurement of temperature enhancement of gases irradiated by infrared light, while the second method allows the direct determination of the solar absorption coefficients of coloured opaque materials. In both cases, the irradiated material is warmed up to a steady limiting temperature where the intensity of the absorbed light is equal to the intensity of the emitted radiation or heat. An eminent theoretical finding of the author was delivered by the evidence that the intensity of the thermal emission of gases is proportional to the collisional frequency of the gas particles. Based on this assumption, and verified by measurements at two distinct locations differing in their altitudes and thus in their respective atmospheric pressures, a direct dependence of the atmospheric counter-radiation intensity on the pressure and on the square root of the absolute temperature could be found. This physical law explains the paradox that the temperatures on mountains are generally lower than those in lowlands, in spite of the higher solar radiation intensity on mountains. Moreover, it clearly proves that atmospheric trace gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence on the climate. 

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Recent-Discoveries-in-Atmospheric-Physics-and-their-Consequences-on-Climate-Mitigation.pdf

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Abstract

With the rapid development of China’s industrialization and urbanization, urban air pollution has become an urgent problem to be solved. Industrial air pollutants in local areas of cities and towns directly harm the health of residents. Under the UNEP initiative, research on urban air pollution has become a main aspect of air pollution research. This paper focuses on the study of atmospheric pollution in small urban areas using GIS spatial analysis and simulation as the methods and the improved Gaussian plume diffusion model as the mathematical principle, based on ArcGIS Engine components and C#.Net. A simulation system platform for the diffusion process of atmospheric pollutants is designed and implemented, which has various functions including dynamic simulation display expression, GIS spatial analysis, spatial data processing, attribute information extraction and simulation result thematic mapping and export. Based on the Fangshan District in Beijing as an example, the dynamic simulation and spatial analysis of pollutant diffusion were conducted using the system platform based on industrial air pollution resource data in the region. The results show that the system provides significant decision-making guidance for effective urban air pollution warnings and the improvement of urban air quality.

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Abstract

Galvanic corrosion of carbon steel (CS) coupled to four different alloys, namely, 316 SS, 321 SS, Incoloy 825 and 2205 SS was studied through electrochemical techniques in flowing (3 and 5 m/s) deaerated 3.5% ammonium bisulfide solution (ABS) at 60oC collected from petroleum refinery. The electrochemical work included the Evans (polarization) diagrams of coupled alloys and the measurements of the potential of separate alloys as well as the measurements of galvanic potential and galvanic current as a function of time. The impact of galvanic coupling on the anodic and cathodic reaction rates was determined. It was found that the corrosion of CS was enhanced as the result of increasing the solution flow velocity while it was coupled to the different alloys. It showed that the best couple to be used at 5 m/s is CS/SS321 since it had the lowest corrosion current and less negative corrosion potential. The severity of galvanic corrosion increased with the increase of the solution speed (3, and 5 m/s) for all the couples. It was concluded that for all the couples, the anodic control is higher than the cathodic control, indicating that the corrosion of CS is the dominant factor in the reaction of the metallic couples in the 3.5% ABS at different speeds and at 60oC. Results indicated that the CS suffered galvanic corrosion when it was coupled to all of the selected alloys but at different rates; so, it is recommended to avoid the galvanic coupling of CS with any of the noble alloys in deaerated 3.5% ABS at 60oC and at different speeds ( 3, and 5 m/s).

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/A-Study-of-Galvanic-Corrosion-In-Flowing-Ammonium-Bisulfide-Solution.pdf

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Fluctuations in the price of thermal coal is a manifestation of the interactions of variations in supply and demand. The demand side is primarily influenced by political decisions particularly in China where its reliance on imports is to be reduced and in India where it is proposed to stop the need to import coal by increasing national production. In China and India, the demand for imported thermal coal is a second derivative of the balance between domestic supply and domestic demand as both countries work towards achieving self-sufficiency. Whereas Japan, Korea, and Taiwan provide a more stable and predictable demand for thermal coal. It has been estimated that if China alone ceased the importation of thermal coal there would be a supply excess of approximately 15% in the producing countries of Australia, Indonesia, USA, and Russia.

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http://sciaeon.org/articles/Predicting-the-future-price-of-thermal-coal.pdf

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Abstract

Mineral exploration conducted during the summers of the latter 1970s and early 1980s by personnel of United Resources International (URI) on behalf of the Omega Energy Corporation confirmed the existence of mineralized zones containing anomalous uranium, thorium, and rare earths, and other metals in the Kachauik area and Death Valley area of the Eastern Seward Peninsula of Alaska. According to the policy recently announced by the senior author (Campbell, 2017), this paper is based on data from the field work produced by the senior author and associated URI personnel some 40 years ago and the work continue today. The geological mapping, sampling, and resulting analytical data, considered in the light of the detection limits, precision and accuracy of the analytical methods available at that time, remain relevant to mineral exploration today. Substantial work has been conducted on the metamict mineral referred to as allanite, and on the regional geology and geophysics over the past 40 years. This new information has also been incorporated in this paper. Field reconnaissance and sampling, and petrographic, chemical, XRD, microprobe, cathodoluminescence and metallurgical analyses conducted in the late 1970s indicate that the mineralized zones occur within a composite alkaline intrusive complex related to, but separate from, the Darby pluton of the Darby Mountains area. The areas sampled contain uranium that has been leaching into the groundwater below wherever uranium is available. The rocks sampled also contain thorium and rare-earth elements associated with allanite and common accessory minerals. The major zone of mineralization examined appears to be related to prominent phonolite dikes that occur along its margin in monzonitic country rock. Metasomatic introduction of uranium, thorium, and rare earths related to dike intrusion is postulated as the mechanism of metallogenesis. Areas with associated faulting and favorable host rocks, e.g., contact metamorphosed rock within fractured carbonate and graphitic rocks, as well as other favorable rock types, occur in the immediate area.

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Uranium-Thorium-Rare-Earths-and-Other-Metals-in-Cretaceous-Age-Basement-Rocks-A-Source-for-New-Uranium.pdf

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Abstract

The rational management of freshwater resources is one of the main concerns of human societies. The waters of the Nile, with a course of 6,671 kilometers, and a watershed that covers nearly 3 million square kilometers, is formed by the confluence in Khartoum, Blue Nile and White Nile. The White Nile has its source in Lake Victoria, a huge 69,485 square kilometer freshwater reservoir. But it is the Blue Nile, originating in Lake Tana (or Tsana) in Ethiopia, which, along with the other rivers of Ethiopia, contributes the most, by far, the flow of the Nile: 84% in average and not less than 95% during the flood season. All this water is shared by ten countries, mainly Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, but also Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi and Congo-Kinshasa. For historical reasons, Egypt has always exploited most of the flow of the river. The size of its population and its almost absolute dependence on the waters of the Nile for its water supply makes this country particularly nervous about the attempts of the downstream countries to question the established sharing of water or to build new infrastructures. The Nile basin is experiencing recurring political tensions, but also many initiatives in the direction of joint management between all the countries concerned.

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Integrated-Water-Resource-Management-Policy-in-Africa-Case-Study-of-the-Nile-Water-and-Its-Politics.pdf

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Abstract

This study focuses on the role of the CDP (common depth point) gathers in the evaluation stage of the geological prospects using the AVO (amplitude versus offset) analysis of the 3D seismic data and the Pre-stack inversion to differentiate between both gas bearing and dry sands and to understand the reservoir configuration and its relation to the different amplitude response through analyzing two encountered similar amplitude response in two different locations but with different drilling results, although they have the same stratigraphic sequences and structural setting. The results led to a high success of exploration ratio as the positives vastly outweigh the negatives. Several lessons have been learned from the negative results-which how to differentiate between the similar amplitude responses for two dry and gas discovery wells-by understanding the relation between the near traces (near offset) and the far traces (far offset) from the CDP gathers in order to reduce the amplitude anomalies to their right justification. Consequently, a variation in the reflectivity strength is observed, which is controlled by the elastic properties of the rocks: Compressional wave (Vp), Shear wave (Vs) and density. These properties are affected by the lithology and fluid contents. The analysis of the CDP gathers and the inversion results help in validating the prospects before drilling and in determining the response of the seismic amplitude variation with the offset, so it is possible to confirm the amplitude anomaly if it is related to hydrocarbon or not.

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Impact-of-the-CDP-Gathers-and-Pre-Stack-Seismic-Inversion-in-the-Prospect-Evaluation-Onshore-Nile-Delta-Egypt.pdf

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Abstract

A major cause of failure of embankment dams is internal erosion that is mostly driven by two different mechanisms, suffusion and concentrated leakage. Suffusion mechanism was studied for a cohesionless soil by laboratory experiments using an especially designed erosion apparatus which was capable of applying simultaneous hydraulic and mechanical loading while the erosion process was monitored. The main novel outcomes of the work are i) a new criterion for detecting the internal erosion initiation, ii) a modified theoretical model, namely the Modified Hydromechanical Envelop (MHE), for encountering the soil in-situ stresses and seepage-induced shear stress on internal erosion initiation and its continuation and iii) a semi-empirical constitutive law of internal erosion where the coefficients of this law were extracted experimentally. The MHE was proposed based on Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion. The constitutive law was defined as the rate of removal of mass due to the application of excessive shear stress higher than the material internal erodibility resistance. Importantly, both the initiation and the mass removal rate of suffusion are found to be dependent on the soil in-situ stresses.

For more details:
http://sciaeon.org/articles/Mechanism-of-Suffusion-Erosion-Phenomenon-In-Porous-Media.pdf

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