Journal of Geology and Geoscience

Petrology is the branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks. Lithology was once approximately synonymous with petrography; but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale description of rocks, while petrography is the speciality that deals with microscopic details. In the oil industry, lithology, or more specifically mud logging, is the graphic representation of geological formations being drilled through, and drawn on a log called a mud log. As the cuttings are circulated out of the borehole they are sampled, examined and tested chemically when needed.

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April 15, 2019

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology is a branch of geology, the study of rocks and the structures that are formed over past periods of time. The way that sediments have been deposited to create different layers of rock beneath the surface, or the way that rocks have been heated and folded over millions of years to create complex structures are the subjects of geology. Hydrogeology looks at how water interacts with geological systems. But there is more to hydrogeology than wet rocks. Water is a vital natural resource for people all around the world – whether it is piped to homes or drawn out of wells. Understanding where it is and how it moves under the ground is essential in protecting this resource. By using geological maps and taking samples of underground and surface water for analysis, hydrogeologists are able build detailed pictures of how water flows through porous rocks underground.

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April 13, 2019

Mismatch of Supply and Demand of Agricultural Land-Based Ecosystem Services

Abstract

Use and intensity has been the major factor that has influenced Ecosystem services. Spatial relationships have been the dependent factors that present the arising disparities between supply and demand. In this literary work we have catalogued these particular special relationships under six categories. This work also explores the relocation of resources to the affected groups. This article goes further and identifies the human contributions to service supply and transfer. The importance of cataloguing helps to create a distinction between “local” (demand and supply with in the requisite local), “proximity”(natural close transfer), “process”(distinct transfer by natural processes), ‘access’ (users can get to the ecosystem), ‘commodity’ (supply contributed and transfer carried out by market players), and ‘global’. In regards to the various circumstances, precise scientific methods and different policy methodologies are appropriate. One major question is in what way to deal with the actors who empower, sustain, and contain ESs. With this being said, deliberations with regard to landscape preservation, conservation support, and private solutions are greatly necessary. This literary work proposes an outline that analyzes and improves the associations concerned by revealing mismatches amongst supply and demand. An effort has been made to utilize and select indicators that will be used to compare supply and demand in these relations. Furthermore examples present the ability of the method to constrain the misuse of ecosystems and to conserve the agreeing ESs.

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