Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time.
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The Eocene Epoch, lasting from 56 to 33.9 million years ago, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure (the “Great Break” in continuity) or the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified, though their exact dates are slightly uncertain.The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “dawn“) and καινός (kainós, “new”) and refers to the “dawn” of modern (‘new’) fauna that appeared during the epoch.
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It is part of a large piece of crust, called Wrangellia, that also includes southeast Alaska, the Queen Charlotte Islands and part of the Coast Mountains. 380 million years ago. some of the oldest rock that makes up present day Vancouver Islandwas formed by undersea lava deposits. About 100 million years ago, Wrangellia collided with the North American continent. Slow but tremendous forces caused some regions to fold and buckle into mountain ridges and others to crumble and erode some of the oldest rock that makes up present day Vancouver Islandwas formed by undersea lava deposits.
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Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time.
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Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth‘s climate system, an aspect of current climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the warming.The term commonly refers to the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation.In this context, the terms global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably, but climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.There were prehistoric periods of global warming,but observed changes since the mid-20th century have been much greater than those seen in previous records covering decades to thousands of years.In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.”The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.
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The structure of the Earth is divided into layers. These layers are both physically and chemically different. The Earth has an outer solid layer called the crust, a highly viscous layer called the mantle, a liquid layer that is the outer part of the core, called the outer core, and a solid center called the inner core. The shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid, because it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.The boundaries between these layers were discovered by seismographs which showed the way vibrations bounced off the layers during earthquakes. Between the Earth’s crust and the mantle is a boundary called the moho. It was the first discovery of a major change in the Earth’s structure as one goes deeper.
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The Sarir ‘C’ oil field is a super-giant hydrocarbon field, located near the south-eastern margin of the late Cretaceous – Tertiary Sirte Basin of Libya. The field is 56km long, 40km wide, and covers an area of about 378km2. The Sarir “C” field is a higly prolific hydrocarbon producing field in North Africa with an estimated ultimate recovery of about 6.5bbl of oil in place (Carmalt et. al; 1986) It was discovered in Southern Cyrenaica in 1961, forms part of three complex fields, and has other significant fields like the Amal, Defa, Augila, Hateiba, Messla, Bu Atifel, lying in the same Sirte basin.
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Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time.
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Vancouver Island is in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The island is 460 kilometres (290 mi) in length, 100 kilometres (62 mi) in width at its widest point,and 32,134 km (12,407 sq mi) in area. It is the largest island on the West Coast of the Americas.The southern part of Vancouver Island and some of the nearby Gulf Islands are the only parts of British Columbia or Western Canada to lie south of the 49th Parallel. This area has one of the warmest climates in Canada, and since the mid-1990s has been mild enough in a few areas to grow .subtropical Mediterranean crops such as olives and lemons.Vancouver Island had a population in 2016 of 775,347. Nearly half of that population (367,770) live in the metropolitan area of Greater Victoria. Other notable cities and towns on Vancouver Island include Nanaimo, Port Alberni, Parksville, Courtenay, and Campbell River. Victoria, the capital city of British Columbia, is located on the island, but the larger city of Vancouver is not – it is on the North American mainland, across the Strait of Georgia from Nanaimo.
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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth‘s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.At the Earth’s surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.
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Journal of Geology and Geoscience 