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Tuberous sclerosis, also known as tuberous sclerosis complex or Bourneville disease, is a neurocutaneous disorder (phakomatosis) characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors of the embryonic ectoderm (e.g. skin, eyes, and nervous system). Pathology :Spontaneous mutations account for 50-86% of cases ³, with the remainder inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. In the majority of such cases (80%) the mutation has been narrowed down to two tumor suppressor genes, both part of the mTOR pathway 

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von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL), is a raregenetic disorder with multisystem involvement.It is characterized by visceral cysts and benign tumorswith potential for subsequent malignant transformation. It is a type of phakomatosis that results from a mutation in the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene on chromosome , Signs and symptoms associated with VHL disease include headaches, problems with balance and walking, dizziness, weakness of the limbs, vision problems, and high blood pressure. Conditions associated with VHL disease include angiomatosis, hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts (pancreatic serous cystadenoma), endolymphatic sac tumor, and bilateral papillary cystadenomas of the epididymis (men) or broad ligament of the uterus (women).

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Natural hazard events can be classified into two broad categories: geophysical and biological. Geophysical hazards encompass geological and meteorological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, cyclonic storms, floods, droughts, avalanches and landslides. encompass geological and meteorological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, cyclonic storms, floods, droughts, avalanches and landslides. Biological hazards can refer to a diverse array of disease, infection, infestation and invasive species.

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Climate describes the average weather of an area over a long period of time. Climate change is the change in regional or global climate patterns, such as temperature, winds and rainfall, over a long period of time – decades to thousands of years. Climate change can be a natural process, Earth’s climate has changed several times over it’s lifetime. There have been several cycles of ice-age and glacial retreat over the last million years on earth with the last ice-age ending approximately 7,000 years ago. These cycles can be explained by changes in the Earth’s orbit around the sun however, there is a new major cause of climate change; humans. Human activities are now having significant effects on the Earth’s climate, we are contributing to natural climate change primarily through the emission of greenhouse gasses. The effects of this can be seen in increased air and ocean temperatures, melting ice caps, rising sea levels, increased rainfall and flooding along with many others.

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A microbiota is an “ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms” found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals. A microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Microbiome is a term that describes the genome of all the microorganisms, symbiotic and pathogenic, living in and on all vertebrates. The gut microbiome is comprised of the collective genome of microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi.

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Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women, they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with changes such as an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown.

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A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful.

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The discipline can be further divided into a number of fields, including biogeography, climatology, meteorology, coastal geography, landscape ecology, environmental management, glaciology, hydrology, hydrography, oceanography, paleogeography, pedology, quaternary science and oceanography.

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Minerals are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements combined together (chemical compounds). Gold, Silver and carbon are elements that form minerals on their own. They are called native elements. The classes are: native elements, silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, and mineraloids. … Silicates This is the largest group of minerals.

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Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth’s lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5 billion years ago. There are three kinds of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. This image shows the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.

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